1 This is the protocol documentation for tinc, a Virtual Private Network daemon.
3 Copyright 2000-2002 Guus Sliepen <guus@sliepen.eu.org>,
4 2000-2002 Ivo Timmmermans <ivo@o2w.nl>
6 Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
7 this documentation provided the copyright notice and this
8 permission notice are preserved on all copies.
10 Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of
11 this documentation under the conditions for verbatim copying,
12 provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed
13 under the terms of a permission notice identical to this one.
15 $Id: PROTOCOL,v 1.1.2.8 2002/09/15 22:19:37 guus Exp $
18 1. Protocols used in tinc
19 -------------------------
21 tinc uses several protocols to function correctly. To enter the
22 network of tinc daemons that make up the virtual private network, tinc
23 makes TCP connections to other tinc daemons. It uses the "meta
24 protocol" for these connections. To exchange packets on the virtual
25 network, UDP connections are made and the "packet protocol" is used.
26 Tinc also needs to exchange network packets with the kernel. This is
27 done using the ethertap device or the universal TUN/TAP device that
28 can be found in various UNIX flavours.
33 Normal packets are sent without any state information, so the layout
36 A data packet can only be sent if the encryption key, cipher and digest are
37 known to both parties, and the connection is activated. If the encryption key
38 is not known, a request is sent to the destination using the meta connection to
41 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ... 97 98 99 100
42 | seqno | data | MAC |
43 \____________________________________/\_______________/
45 encrypted using symmetric cipher digest
47 The sequence number prevents replay attacks, the message authentication code
48 prevents altered packets from being accepted.
53 The meta protocol is used to tie all tinc daemons together, and
54 exchange information about which tinc daemon serves which virtual
57 The meta protocol consists of requests that can be sent to the other
58 side. Each request has a unique number and several parameters. All
59 requests are represented in the standard ASCII character set. It is
60 possible to use tools such as telnet or netcat to connect to a tinc
61 daemon and to read and write requests by hand, provided that one
62 understands the numeric codes sent.
64 The authentication scheme is described in the SECURITY2 file. After a
65 succesful authentication, the server and the client will exchange all the
66 information about other tinc daemons and subnets they know of, so that both
67 sides (and all the other tinc daemons behind them) have their information
71 --------------------------------------------------------------------------
72 origin ADD_EDGE node1 node2 21.32.43.54 655 222 0
75 | | | +--------> UDP port of node2
76 | | +----------------> real address of node2
77 | +-------------------------> name of destination node
78 +-------------------------------> name of source node
80 origin ADD_SUBNET node 192.168.1.0/24
82 | +--------> network address
83 +------------------> owner of this subnet
84 --------------------------------------------------------------------------
86 The ADD_EDGE messages are to inform other tinc daemons that a connection between
87 two nodes exist. The address of the destination node is available so that
88 VPN packets can be sent directly to that node.
90 The ADD_SUBNET messages inform other tinc daemons that certain subnets belong
91 to certain nodes. tinc will use it to determine to which node a VPN packet has
95 ------------------------------------------------------------------
97 | +----> name of destination node
98 +----------> name of source node
100 DEL_SUBNET node 192.168.1.0/24
101 | | +--> prefixlength
102 | +--------> network address
103 +------------------> owner of this subnet
104 ------------------------------------------------------------------
106 In case a connection between two daemons is closed or broken, DEL_EDGE messages
107 are sent to inform the other daemons of that fact. Each daemon will calculate a
108 new route to the the daemons, or mark them unreachable if there isn't any.
111 ------------------------------------------------------------------
112 REQ_KEY origin destination
113 | +--> name of the tinc daemon it wants the key from
114 +----------> name of the daemon that wants the key
116 ANS_KEY origin destination 4ae0b0a82d6e0078 91 64 4
117 | | \______________/ | | +--> MAC length
118 | | | | +-----> digest algorithm
119 | | | +--------> cipher algorithm
120 | | +--> 128 bits key
121 | +--> name of the daemon that wants the key
122 +----------> name of the daemon that uses this key
125 +--> daemon that has changed it's packet key
126 --------------------------------------------------------------------------
128 The keys used to encrypt VPN packets are not sent out directly. This is
129 because it would generate a lot of traffic on VPNs with many daemons, and
130 chances are that not every tinc daemon will ever send a packet to every
131 other daemon. Instead, if a daemon needs a key it sends a request for it
132 via the meta connection of the nearest hop in the direction of the
133 destination. If any hop on the way has already learned the key, it will
134 act as a proxy and forward its copy back to the requestor.
137 --------------------------------------------------------------------------
140 --------------------------------------------------------------------------
142 There is also a mechanism to check if hosts are still alive. Since network
143 failures or a crash can cause a daemon to be killed without properly
144 shutting down the TCP connection, this is necessary to keep an up to date
145 connection list. Pings are sent at regular intervals, except when there
146 is also some other traffic. A little bit of salt (random data) is added
147 with each PING and PONG message, to make sure that long sequences of PING/PONG
148 messages without any other traffic won't result in known plaintext.
150 This basically covers everything that is sent over the meta connection by